Before calculating the total number of host and subnets of a certain IP address you have to have a clear idea about the IP classes. By looking at the first four bits of IP address you can determine the class of address.

• Class A- It begins with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal. 
• Class B- It begins with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal.
• Class C- It begins with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal.
• Class D- It begins with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal.
• Class E- It begins with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal.

Every IP address has two parts- Network and Host. For different classes the network and host parts-

• Class A- Network.Host.Host.Host
• Class B- Network.Network.Host.Host
• Class C- Network.Network.Network.Host
• Class D- Network.Network.Network.Network

For this tutorial we will use the following IP address:

162.190.107.127

255.255.255.224

Step 01: 

Determine the class of address using the first octet of the IP address.

162.190.107.127 = Class B

255.255.255.224

Step 02:

Now, determine the host and network octets.

Network.Network.Host.Host = Class B

162.190.107.127

255.255.255.224

Step 03:

Find out which bits are set to one in the host octets. Notice, if no bits are set to one then there is no subset.

162.190.107.127

255.255.255.224 = xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11100000 

Step 04:

Assume 'X' denotes the total number of ones. Then we will use this formula '(2^X)-2' to find out number of usable subnets. Example-

11111111.11100000 = 11 ones.

(2^11)-2= 2048-2= 2046 subnets in total for use.

Step 05:

Assume 'Y' denotes the total number of zeros. Then we will use this formula '(2^Y)-2' to find out number of usable hosts. Example-

11111111.11100000 = 5 zeros.

(2^5)-2= 32-2= 30 host address for use.

The internet uses a system of telecommunications protocols that has become so widely used that it is now accepted as a network architecture. The internet's protocol suit is called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is known as TCP/IP. An IP address can be either dynamic or static. A static address is one that you configure yourself by editing your computer's network settings. This type of address is actually rare, and it can create network issues if you use it without understanding of TCP/IP. Dynamic addresses are the most common. They are assigned by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP), A service running on the network. DHCP typically runs on network hardware such as routers or dedicated DHCP servers. Dynamic IP address are issued using a leasing system , meaning that the IP address is only active for a limited time.If the lease expires, the computer will automatically request a new lease. Sometimes, this means the computer will get a new IP address, too, especially if the computer was unplugged from the network between leases. This process is usually transparent to the user unless the computer warns about an IP address conflict on the network. An address conflict is rare, and today's technology typically fixes the problem automatically.